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Once the circuit is built, put a small tube around the LEDs to help focus and collimate the infrared light Although most of the light is projected in front of the LEDs, a small fraction of the light goes sideways and to the rear of the LED This could interfere with the infrared receiver module, causing false readings The tubes also help reduce this interference The IR receiver modules that are not enclosed inside a metal case, such as the Panasonic PNA4602M, are very susceptible to this setback To solve this problem, place a small piece of aluminum foil duct tape on the back and sides of the receiver module Do not let the tape touch the wire leads This will help prevent false readings from sideways and backward emitted IR light The basic operation of this circuit is to flash the left IR LED, then take a reading from the IR receiver, then flash the right IR LED, and then take another reading from the IR receiver If the receiver detects something from the left IR LED, then there is something that is either to the left front or in front of the detector If the receiver detects something from the right IR LED, then there is something either to right front or in front of the detector If both left and right IR LEDs returned a signal, then there is something directly in front of the detector Using this approach, a relative direction of the object can be detected The left and right angular range detection can be adjusted by angling the IR LEDs toward or away from the IR receiver module Depending on which infrared receiver module you choose, the modulated infrared light must be on between 400 600 s to allow for the receiver module to stabilize Otherwise, a false signal is more likely to occur In the real world, there s a lot of noise in all signals, so it s better to take a sample of readings instead of relying on a single measurement One method of sampling is to take five consecutive readings If you get more than three hits, there is a greater probability that there is an object in front of the sensor A 40-kHz infrared receiver module has its peak sensitivity at 40 kHz They are still functional when receiving light at +/- 5 kHz of the center frequency The further away the actual modulated frequency is from the center frequency, the less sensitive the sensor becomes With this knowledge, the sensitivity of this circuit can be adjusted by shifting the modulated infrared LED frequency away from the center frequency The reason this may be important is that the detector circuit will detect white objects that are much farther away than black objects Also, the ambient lighting at an actual competition is usually different that the ambient lighting at home or wherever you re building and testing your bot Sensors usually respond differently in the different ambient lighting conditions Having the ability to adjust the sensitivity of the detectors will improve your bot soverall performance.

Proposed LEO satellites are divided into three categories: little LEOs, big LEOs, and Mega-LEOs LEOs will orbit at a distance of only 500 to 1,000 miles above the earth This relatively short distance reduces transmission delay to only 05 seconds and further reduces the need for sensitive and bulky receiving equipment Little LEOs will operate in the 800 MHz (8 GHz) range, big LEOs will operate in the 2 GHz or above range, and Mega-LEOs will operate in the 20 30 GHz range The higher frequencies associated with Mega-LEOs translates into more information carrying capacity and the capability of real-time, low delay video transmission Microsoft Corporation and McCaw Cellular (now known as AT&T Wireless Services) have partnered to deploy 288 satellites to form Teledesic, a proposed Mega-LEO satellite network Speeds are expected at 64 Mbps downlink and 2 Mbps uplink

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The performance issue poses the problem of sizing the bandwidth on each link, which becomes a major task as the network grows Unfortunately, few network managers have a good handle on the amount of traffic flowing between any given pair of locations Typically, they are typically too busy handling moves and additions to the network, which frequently leads to performance problems Because the network grew without the benefit of a design plan, invariably it means that portions of the network, including servers, become overloaded A dedicated line network is expensive, requires maintenance, and necessitates a backup plan should a line or two fail Using a shared network does not alleviate the problem of traffic analysis On the contrary, we now have to worry about the ability of the Internet to provide the bandwidth we need when we need it Selecting our ISP to provide the performance we need becomes an important issue

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Integrating the object detector and two edge detector circuits along with a Basic Stamp 1 can be accomplished on a small prototyping board Figure 13-11 shows a schematic of the entire circuit for an autonomous mini sumo In a remote-control mini sumo, the same battery pack powered both of the modified R/C servos and the receiver module For the autonomous mini sumo, you need two different power supplies A 4-cell AA (6-volt) battery pack will provide power to the modified R/C servos, and a 9-volt battery will provide power to the microcontroller and the sensors A 4-cell AA battery box should be attached to the bottom of the mini sumo Double-sided foam tape should be sufficient to attach the battery box to the bottom of the mini sumo All battery, microcontroller, and electronic circuit grounds must be tied together If the grounds are not tied together, you ll see erratic performance in the bot The reason for the two battery supplies is that the servos can momentarily draw up to 1 amp of current each This could cause a voltage drop in the microcontroller, which will cause the microcontroller to reset Using a separate power source for the microcontroller will help ensure a uniform voltage supply to the microcontroller The flowchart in Figure 13-12 shows how logic in this mini sumo should work The following program example will make a fully functional mini sumo This mini sumo will follow your hand as you move it in front of the mini sumo, and stay on the sumo ring Using the information presented here, you will have a working autonomous mini sumo bot